How is q10 produced

Abstract Coenzyme Q10 has emerged as a valuable molecule for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Publication types Review. Substances Benzoquinones Ubiquinone quinone coenzyme Q Updated in March by: Victoria J. Updated in April by: Barbara Delage, Ph. Reviewed in May by: Roland Stocker, Ph. Coenzyme Q biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. Crane FL. Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q J Am Coll Nutr.

Nohl H, Gille L. The role of coenzyme Q in lysosomes. The importance of plasma membrane coenzyme Q in aging and stress responses. Ernster L, Dallner G. Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function. Thomas SR, Stocker R. Mechanisms of antioxidant action of ubiquinol for low-density lipoprotein. Mitochondrial CoQ deficiency is a common driver of mitochondrial oxidants and insulin resistance. Independent and concerted antioxidant functions of coenzyme Q. Coenzyme Q10 in health and disease.

Eur J Clin Nutr. Hargreaves IP. Coenzyme Q10 as a therapy for mitochondrial disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. Coenzyme Q10 defects may be associated with a deficiency of Qindependent mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Biol Res. Age-related changes in the lipid compositions of rat and human tissues. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Aging and Disease.

Front Physiol. Mitochondrial aging: open questions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Effect on absorption and oxidative stress of different oral Coenzyme Q10 dosages and intake strategy in healthy men. Effect of coenzyme Q10 intake on endogenous coenzyme Q content, mitochondrial electron transport chain, antioxidative defenses, and life span of mice.

Free Radic Biol Med. Lapointe J, Hekimi S. J Biol Chem. Supplementation with the reduced form of coenzyme Q10 decelerates phenotypic characteristics of senescence and induces a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha gene expression signature in SAMP1 mice.

Mol Nutr Food Res. Ubiquinol supplementation activates mitochondria functions to decelerate senescence in senescence-accelerated mice. Antioxid Redox Signal. Improved health-related quality of life, and more days out of hospital with supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 combined.

Results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study. J Nutr Health Aging. Still reduced cardiovascular mortality 12 years after supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 for four years: A validation of previous year follow-up results of a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in elderly.

PLoS One. Dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q10 results in increased levels of ubiquinol within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoprotein to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Anti-atherogenic effect of coenzyme Q10 in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Dietary cosupplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Q 10 inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Neuromuscul Disord. The myopathic form of coenzyme Q10 deficiency is caused by mutations in the electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase ETFDH gene. Coenzyme Q 10 -responsive ataxia: 2-year-treatment follow-up. Mov Disord. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc. Primary and secondary coenzyme Q10 deficiency: the role of therapeutic supplementation.

Nutr Rev. Congestive heart failure. Rakel: Conn's Current Therapy New York: W. Saunders Company; Coenzyme Q10, rosuvastatin, and clinical outcomes in heart failure: a pre-specified substudy of CORONA controlled rosuvastatin multinational study in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Lei L, Liu Y. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with cardiac failure: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. Cardiovasc Res. Coenzyme Q10 regulates antioxidative stress and autophagy in acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Oxid Med Cell Longev. The effects of ageing on the response to cardiac surgery: protective strategies for the ageing myocardium. Overview of the use of CoQ10 in cardiovascular disease.

The role of oral coenzyme Q10 in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. Effects of short-term supplementation with coenzyme Q10 on myocardial protection during cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. Perioperative metabolic therapy improves redox status and outcomes in cardiac surgery patients: a randomised trial.

Heart Lung Circ. Celik T, Iyisoy A. Coenzyme Q10 and coronary artery bypass surgery: what we have learned from clinical trials. High plasma coenzyme Q10 concentration is correlated with good left ventricular performance after primary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Medicine Baltimore.

The randomized clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 for the prevention of periprocedural myocardial injury following elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiovasc Ther. Role of coenzyme Q10 in chronic heart failure, angina, and hypertension. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension. The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on blood pressures among patients with metabolic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Pharmacol Res. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on markers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Supplementation with coenzyme Q10 reduces plasma lipoprotein a concentrations but not other lipid indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic profile in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther. Effect of long-term treatment with antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10 and selenium on arterial compliance, humoral factors and inflammatory markers in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.

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A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. See more conditions. Coenzyme Q A mutant strain PK38 with four genetic markers was isolated: the specific CoQ10 content of the mutant strain increased by Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on CoQ10 production with PK38 were studied.

Fed-batch culture strategy was then used for increasing production of CoQ10 in 5-l fermentor. Using the exponential feeding fed-batch culture of sucrose, cell growth and CoQ10 formation were significantly improved. With this strategy, the final cell biomass, CoQ10 production, and specific CoQ10 production increased by Coenzyme Q10 CoQ10 , also known as ubiquinone or ubiquinone, occurs widely in animals, plants, and the cells of microorganisms.

It plays a crucial role in generation of cellular energy and in free radical scavenging in the human body [ 1 ]. Moreover, CoQ10 has been used as a food supplement and cosmetic ingredient because of its various physiological functions. Extensive attempts have been made to increase CoQ10 production to meet growing demands for this product. To date, production of CoQ10 is produced by one of three methods: extraction from biological tissues [ 5 ], chemical synthesis [ 6 ], and microbial fermentation [ 7 ].

In the wake of recent environmental awareness, the first two methods became least desirable because of the inherent uses of solvents and chemicals in the process. Microbial fermentation, conversely, offers an environmentally benign option based on the enzymatic catalysis at the cellular level for CoQ10 assembly.

Also, this approach is attractive to the industry because the process is easy to control and has a relatively low production cost [ 8 , 9 ]. Among all strains investigated so far, A. However, the yield of CoQ10 in liquid cultivation using the wild-type strain of A. To increase the specific CoQ10 content of A. Well-known mutagens such as ultraviolet radiation and diethyl sulfate DES have been tested.

However, the chemicals used for these mutagenesis procedures are harmful to human health. It is desirable to find new mutagenic treatments to increase CoQ10 yield.

In recent years, there were reports about high hydrostatic pressure HHP treatment that influenced the structure of genes and proteins in microorganisms [ 14 — 16 ].

There were also reports that HHP treatment in laboratory could cause beneficial mutagenesis to E. Compared with traditional physical and chemical mutagenesis methods, HHP treatment as a mutagen could offer some advantages such as easier handling, savings in time and money, and negligible effects to the environment [ 19 , 20 ].

However, little is known related to the effectiveness of HHP treatment on improving the production of CoQ10 in microorganisms. Carbon and nitrogen sources significantly affected cell growth and CoQ10 production [ 12 ]. Aside from the optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources, the use of fed-batch culture by controlling the nutrient feeding is one of the most popular methods to achieve high cell density of E. Exponential feeding is a simple method that was widely employed for E.

So far, there seem to be no published reports related to the CoQ10 production under exponential feeding fed-batch control. In this study, HHP treatment was investigated as a new mutagenic treatment to increase the specific CoQ10 content of A. A mutant strain PK38 was isolated using selection markers and the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for CoQ10 production with PK38 were selected. A new exponential feeding strategy was proposed for improving CoQ10 production using PK The parental strain A.

The selective medium was made by adding a certain amount of one of the following four substances: sodium azide, ethionine, daunomycin, or vitamin K 3. The cell suspension in potassium phosphate buffer was transferred aseptically into sterile polyethylene pouches and heat-sealed following the expulsion of air.

Control samples were maintained at atmospheric pressure within the constant temperature housing during the experiment. To assess loss of viability caused by the HHP treatment, untreated and treated cell suspensions were serially diluted in PBS and plated on the basal agar plates.

For screening, each mutant was taken and used in fermentation, and the content of CoQ10 from each mutant was determined. The pH was controlled at 7.

Cell lysis and CoQ10 extraction conducted in this study were similar to that described by Tian et al. With an authentic CoQ10 standard Sigma Co. All analyses were performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS package version To determine the optimum mutagenic conditions by HHP treatment, cell suspensions of A.

Figure 1 shows the death curve of A. The data revealed that HHP treatment had a significant effect on A.

In general, Gram-negative bacteria are less resistant than the Gram-positive bacteria to HHP treatments [ 25 ]. In this study, the cell viability during HHP treatment decreased with the increase of processing pressure and holding time. Based on the curve Figure 1 , deactivation of cells occurred between 4. Under these three levels, the mortality of A. Therefore, these three levels were chosen for subsequent mutagenesis [ 21 ]. Table 1 shows the effect of HHP treatments on mutation of A.

Among those 12 strains, maximum specific CoQ10 content was achieved from the mutant PN07 with an approximate CoQ10 biosynthesis is typically composed of three parts: synthesis of a quinonoid ring, synthesis of decaprenyl diphosphate, and quinonoid ring modification [ 9 ].

The formation of each part is catalyzed by several enzymes. For example, decaprenyl diphosphate synthase DPPS can catalyze the synthesis of decaprenyl diphosphate, which appears to be a rate-limiting step and critical in CoQ10 production [ 9 , 27 ]. The present study found that HHP treatment can have beneficial mutagenic effects on A. Wang et al. Lauro et al. So the change of specific CoQ10 content of A. Study of these effects should be carried out in future research.

Random mutagenesis is an easy tool to use in achieving genetic and functional modifications of an organism. Using progressive stepwise mutagenesis-selection protocols and various mutagens with differing modes of action has been proven effective in increasing product yield [ 29 ].